2016年12月7日 星期三

最高法院認為設計專利僅涉及產品一部分 - Samsung v. Apple (Supreme Court 2016)

美國最高法院在12/6對Apple v. Samsung在設計專利侵權賠償比例上的爭議作出決定,認為設計專利僅涉及整個產品的部分,僅能根據比例計算損害賠償。

事實上,這翻Apple v. Samsung爭辯帶出了不少討論,包括設計專利侵權賠償的佔比、設計專利的功能性特徵與結構特徵面對的可專利性議題、蘋果設計的先前技術、優先權討論等。

本案緣起蘋果於2011年對三星提出的專利侵權告訴(第一波),最後三星被判侵權成立,並計算出賠償金額,但是三星不服,除了對侵權成立提出上訴外,議題更轉向設計專利侵權賠償的比例問題。蘋果與三星的設計專利侵權訴訟前情提要(僅列舉一些):

12/6美國最高法院案例討論:

系爭專利:D618,677, D593,087, D604,305

美國最高法院全體法官(8位)一致地否決CAFC對Apple v. Samsung中設計專利在侵權賠償中涵蓋整體產品的決定。

CAFC決定(摘自最高法院判決):"The Federal Circuit affirmed the damages award, rejecting Samsung’s argument that damages should be limited because the relevant articles of manufacturewere the front face or screen rather than the entire smartphone. The court reasoned that such a limit was not required because the components of Samsung’s smartphones were not sold separately to ordinary consumers and thus were not distinct articles of manufacture."

(重要)最高法院的決定:"In the case of a multicomponent product, the relevant “article ofmanufacture” for arriving at a §289 damages award need not be the end product sold to the consumer but may be only a component ofthat product."

最高法院的"態度"(沒有決定、只有指示、推給CAFC):"Because the term “article of manufacture” is broad enough toembrace both a product sold to a consumer and a component of thatproduct, whether sold separately or not, the Federal Circuit’s narrower reading cannot be squared with §289’s text. Absent adequate briefing by the parties, this Court declines to resolve whether the relevant article of manufacture for each design patent at issue here is the smartphone or a particular smartphone component. Doing so is not necessary to resolve the question presented, and the Federal Circuit may address any remaining issues on remand."

爭議在於對於35 U.S.C. 289的解釋是否僅就「文義」來看,還是有更深的含意,認為35 U.S.C. 101中"manufacture"及於「utility patent」,而就35 U.S.C. 171中設計專利的定義,這回最高法院就提出自己的解釋,認為CAFC過於狹隘地解釋289中"article of manufacture"為最終產品。

直接來看最高法院判決(No. 15–777)。

本案緣起Apple於2011年對Samsung提出的第一波侵權訴訟,Apple在這波勝出,並判獲得近4億美元的侵權賠償,之後上訴到CAFC,CAFC確認這個侵權決定與賠償。到了2016年,最高法院同意重新調卷審閱,特別對於289條中"article of manufacture"的定義:

"The term “article of manufacture,” as used in §289, encompasses both a product soldto a consumer and a component of that product."

其中所述"article"指為"particular thing",不見得是指終端產品。

所述"manufacture"指為通過手做、機器將原料轉換為適合人使用的物品(article)。

合起來,"article of manufacture"解釋為人工或機器製作的東西("a thing made by hand or machine")。

如此,最高法院即解釋"article of manufacture"不能排除某個產品中的某個元件,因此應涵蓋賣給消費者的最終產品,以及產品的某元件。


如此解釋,更符合了美國專利法35 U.S.C. 171定義的設計專利,以及符合過去案例曾經作出35 U.S.C. 101僅及於發明專利的解釋。

最後,最高法院認為CAFC過於狹隘地解釋專利法第289條,發回重審;並由於蘋果與三星都為提出要求最高法院作出測試如何判斷設計專利侵權賠償的規則,法院也不作出這方面決定。

[相關法條]
35 U.S.C. 101    INVENTIONS PATENTABLE.

Whoever invents or discovers any new and useful process, machine, manufacture, or composition of matter, or any new and useful improvement thereof, may obtain a patent therefor, subject to the conditions and requirements of this title.

35 U.S.C. 289    ADDITIONAL REMEDY FOR INFRINGEMENT OF DESIGN PATENT.

Whoever during the term of a patent for a design, without license of the owner, (1) applies the patented design, or any colorable imitation thereof, to any article of manufacture for the purpose of sale, or (2) sells or exposes for sale any article of manufacture to which such design or colorable imitation has been applied shall be liable to the owner to the extent of his total profit, but not less than $250, recoverable in any United States district court having jurisdiction of the parties.

Nothing in this section shall prevent, lessen, or impeach any other remedy which an owner of an infringed patent has under the provisions of this title, but he shall not twice recover the profit made from the infringement.

35 U.S.C. 171    PATENTS FOR DESIGNS.

(a) IN GENERAL.—Whoever invents any new, original, and ornamental design for an article of manufacture may obtain a patent therefor, subject to the conditions and requirements of this title.
(b) APPLICABILITY OF THIS TITLE.—The provisions of this title relating to patents for inventions shall apply to patents for designs, except as otherwise provided.
(c) FILING DATE.—The filing date of an application for patent for design shall be the date on which the specification as prescribed by section 112 and any required drawings are filed.

my two cents:
「設計」本身不涉及「功能」,一支手機賣到新台幣「20000~30000」是因為它的功能,應該不只是外觀設計而已,因此這樣想,設計不應佔有所有手機利潤。

過去曾經表示,在不專業、不倚賴法律條文的感覺,產品外觀侵權不應及於整個產品銷售的利潤,設計僅是整體產品(多元件的組成)的一部分。同樣地,其他元件也是,當螢幕被判侵權,應該也是針對螢幕對於整體產品的利潤佔比(這是Samsung提出的例子)。

這回,美國最高法院也作出一個指標性的指示,就是設計本身(如外殼)並非是直接銷售給消費者的品項,且法律上的"article of manufacture"也應可解釋為產品的整體,以及產品的某元件,相關意見將發回CAFC重審。

其實,這回意見僅是Apple v. Samsung訴訟的很小的一環,Apple當年全面對Samsung提告還涉及專利、Trade Dress,以及多項專利權,這是各位佈局與戰略很好(但也很極端)的參考。

最高法院判決文:

可參考資料:

Ron

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